@Article{PintoJrNaccPint:2007:MaClLi,
               author = "Pinto Jr, Osmar and Naccarato, Kleber Pinheiro and Pinto, Iara 
                         Regina Cardoso de Almeida",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Maximum cloud-to-ground lightning flash densities observed by 
                         lightning location systems in the tropical region: A review",
              journal = "Atmospheric Research",
                 year = "2007",
               volume = "84",
                pages = "189--200",
             keywords = "Lightning, Lightning location systems, Cloud-to-ground lightning 
                         flash density, Tropical region, GEOPHYSICS.",
             abstract = "A comprehensive review of maximum cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning 
                         flash densities observed in the tropical region by different 
                         Lightning Location Systems (LLS) is presented. From the observed 
                         values, absolute maximum values for a spatial resolution of 1 km×1 
                         km are estimated, using an empirical curve relating flash density 
                         and resolution and correcting the data for differences in the 
                         detection efficiency and in the intracloud (IC) contamination of 
                         the different LLS. Maximum CG lightning flash densities are 
                         compared with total lightning observations by satellite in the 
                         same regions, for a spatial resolution of approximately 55 km×55 
                         km, to infer IC to CG ratios (IC/CG). It was found that absolute 
                         maximum CG lightning flash densities in the tropical region vary 
                         from 19 to 65 flashes km\−2 year\−1 and IC/CG ratios 
                         from 3.9 to 12.6. Absolute maximum CG lightning flash densities 
                         and the IC/CG ratios in the tropical region are then compared with 
                         similar values in the temperate region. Only the regions 
                         corresponding to the highest maximum CG lightning flash densities 
                         observed by LLS for each continent in the temperate region are 
                         considered. The comparison suggests that higher absolute maximum 
                         CGlightning flash densities occur in the tropical region and 
                         similar IC/CG ratios occur in both regions, with the exception of 
                         Colombia and Venezuela, where this ratio seems to be higher than 
                         in any other regions.",
                 issn = "0169-8095",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Maximum clound-to-ground.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "08 maio 2024"
}